Peptide Pharmacology

NAD⁺ (Buffered)

Contents

What is NAD+?

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is a vital coenzyme present in every living cell. It plays a central role in cellular energy production, DNA repair, and metabolic regulation. NAD⁺ levels decline with age, a change linked to reduced mitochondrial function and increased cellular stress. Buffered NAD⁺ formulations are designed to improve tolerability and stability during supplementation or intravenous administration.

Why is NAD+ Important?

NAD⁺ is essential for converting nutrients into usable energy. It also serves as a substrate for enzymes involved in DNA repair (PARPs) and longevity pathways (sirtuins). Adequate NAD⁺ levels support metabolic efficiency and cellular resilience.

How Does NAD+ Work?

NAD+ is an energy-carrying molecule that is used as a source of energy for biologic processes, especially those involving oxidation/reduction reactions. NAD+ can be thought of as similar to ATP, which is the more widely-known energy-carrying molecule. ATP acts as a more immediate source of energy, like gasoline for a car. NAD+ is more indirect energy, like the electrical system that enables the engine to run efficiently.

What is NAD+ Used for?

In the research realm, NAD+ can potentially help in the following avenues:

Side Effects of NAD+

In research uses, NAD+ is reported to be rarely associated with flushing or nausea if infused too rapidly. Long-term safety data is still evolving.

NAD+ Dosing Protocol (for Research)

NAD+ research protocols call for once weekly administration under the skin of a research subject (subcutaneous).

Recommended NAD+ Source (for Research)

References

Verdin E. NAD⁺ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration. Science. 2015;350(6265):1208-13. doi: 10.1126/science.aac4854.

Yoshino J, et al. NAD+ Intermediates: The biology and therapeutic potential of NMN and NR. Cell Metab. 2018 Mar 6;27(3):513-28. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.11.002.

Rajman L, et al. Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting molecules: the in vivo evidence. Cell Metab. 2018;27:529-47. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.011.